af49841433 Hide base58::Error internals (Tobin C. Harding)
4f68e79da0 bitcoin: Stop using base58 errors (Tobin C. Harding)
669d5e8fc6 base58: Add InvalidCharacterError for decoding (Tobin C. Harding)
ec8609393b base58: Add error module (Tobin C. Harding)
42fabbab03 base58: Run the formatter (Tobin C. Harding)

Pull request description:

  Improve the error code in the new `base58` crate.

ACKs for top commit:
  apoelstra:
    ACK af49841433
  sanket1729:
    ACK af49841433

Tree-SHA512: c05479f02a9a58c7c98fd5987e760288562372e16cceeeb655f0a5385b4a8605945a3b6f7fcf473a7132a40f8dc90d204bc5e9e64fd2cc0bdc37dbcabb4ddc5c
This commit is contained in:
Andrew Poelstra 2024-03-24 13:58:13 +00:00
commit bfd5255ae8
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: C588D63CE41B97C1
8 changed files with 344 additions and 82 deletions

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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ exclude = ["tests", "contrib"]
[features]
default = ["std"]
std = ["hashes/std"]
std = ["hashes/std", "internals/std"]
[package.metadata.docs.rs]
all-features = true

129
base58/src/error.rs Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
// SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
//! Error code for the `base58` crate.
use core::fmt;
use internals::write_err;
/// An error occurred during base58 decoding (with checksum).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum Error {
/// Invalid character while decoding.
Decode(InvalidCharacterError),
/// Checksum was not correct.
IncorrectChecksum(IncorrectChecksumError),
/// Checked data was too short.
TooShort(TooShortError),
}
internals::impl_from_infallible!(Error);
impl fmt::Display for Error {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
use Error::*;
match *self {
Decode(ref e) => write_err!(f, "decode"; e),
IncorrectChecksum(ref e) => write_err!(f, "incorrect checksum"; e),
TooShort(ref e) => write_err!(f, "too short"; e),
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for Error {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
use Error::*;
match *self {
Decode(ref e) => Some(e),
IncorrectChecksum(ref e) => Some(e),
TooShort(ref e) => Some(e),
}
}
}
impl From<InvalidCharacterError> for Error {
#[inline]
fn from(e: InvalidCharacterError) -> Self { Self::Decode(e) }
}
impl From<IncorrectChecksumError> for Error {
#[inline]
fn from(e: IncorrectChecksumError) -> Self { Self::IncorrectChecksum(e) }
}
impl From<TooShortError> for Error {
#[inline]
fn from(e: TooShortError) -> Self { Self::TooShort(e) }
}
/// Checksum was not correct.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct IncorrectChecksumError {
/// The incorrect checksum.
pub(super) incorrect: u32,
/// The expected checksum.
pub(super) expected: u32,
}
impl IncorrectChecksumError {
/// Returns the incorrect checksum along with the expected checksum.
pub fn incorrect_checksum(&self) -> (u32, u32) { (self.incorrect, self.expected) }
}
impl fmt::Display for IncorrectChecksumError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(
f,
"base58 checksum {:#x} does not match expected {:#x}",
self.incorrect, self.expected
)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for IncorrectChecksumError {}
/// The decode base58 data was too short (require at least 4 bytes for checksum).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TooShortError {
/// The length of the decoded data.
pub(super) length: usize,
}
impl TooShortError {
/// Returns the invalid base58 string length (require at least 4 bytes for checksum).
pub fn invalid_base58_length(&self) -> usize { self.length }
}
impl fmt::Display for TooShortError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "base58 decoded data was not long enough, must be at least 4 byte: {}", self.length)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for TooShortError {}
/// Found a invalid ASCII byte while decoding base58 string.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidCharacterError {
pub(super) invalid: u8,
}
impl InvalidCharacterError {
/// Returns the ASCII byte that is not a valid base58 character.
pub fn invalid_base58_character(&self) -> u8 { self.invalid }
}
impl fmt::Display for InvalidCharacterError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "invalid base58 character {:#x}", self.invalid)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for InvalidCharacterError {}

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@ -24,14 +24,22 @@ extern crate std;
static BASE58_CHARS: &[u8] = b"123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz";
use core::{fmt, iter, slice, str};
pub mod error;
#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
pub use alloc::{string::String, vec::Vec};
use core::{fmt, iter, slice, str};
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub use std::{string::String, vec::Vec};
use hashes::{sha256d, Hash};
use crate::error::{IncorrectChecksumError, TooShortError};
#[rustfmt::skip] // Keep public re-exports separate.
#[doc(inline)]
pub use self::error::{Error, InvalidCharacterError};
#[rustfmt::skip]
static BASE58_DIGITS: [Option<u8>; 128] = [
None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, // 0-7
@ -53,19 +61,19 @@ static BASE58_DIGITS: [Option<u8>; 128] = [
];
/// Decodes a base58-encoded string into a byte vector.
pub fn decode(data: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
pub fn decode(data: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, InvalidCharacterError> {
// 11/15 is just over log_256(58)
let mut scratch = vec![0u8; 1 + data.len() * 11 / 15];
// Build in base 256
for d58 in data.bytes() {
// Compute "X = X * 58 + next_digit" in base 256
if d58 as usize >= BASE58_DIGITS.len() {
return Err(Error::BadByte(d58));
return Err(InvalidCharacterError { invalid: d58 });
}
let mut carry = match BASE58_DIGITS[d58 as usize] {
Some(d58) => d58 as u32,
None => {
return Err(Error::BadByte(d58));
return Err(InvalidCharacterError { invalid: d58 });
}
};
for d256 in scratch.iter_mut().rev() {
@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ pub fn decode(data: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
pub fn decode_check(data: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
let mut ret: Vec<u8> = decode(data)?;
if ret.len() < 4 {
return Err(Error::TooShort(ret.len()));
return Err(TooShortError { length: ret.len() }.into());
}
let check_start = ret.len() - 4;
@ -98,8 +106,8 @@ pub fn decode_check(data: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
let expected = u32::from_le_bytes(hash_check);
let actual = u32::from_le_bytes(data_check);
if expected != actual {
return Err(Error::BadChecksum(expected, actual));
if actual != expected {
return Err(IncorrectChecksumError { incorrect: actual, expected }.into());
}
ret.truncate(check_start);
@ -207,63 +215,6 @@ impl<T: Default + Copy> SmallVec<T> {
}
}
/// An error that might occur during base58 decoding.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum Error {
/// Invalid character encountered.
BadByte(u8),
/// Checksum was not correct (expected, actual).
BadChecksum(u32, u32),
/// The length (in bytes) of the object was not correct.
///
/// Note that if the length is excessively long the provided length may be an estimate (and the
/// checksum step may be skipped).
InvalidLength(usize),
/// Extended Key version byte(s) were not recognized.
InvalidExtendedKeyVersion([u8; 4]),
/// Address version byte were not recognized.
InvalidAddressVersion(u8),
/// Checked data was less than 4 bytes.
TooShort(usize),
}
internals::impl_from_infallible!(Error);
impl fmt::Display for Error {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
use Error::*;
match *self {
BadByte(b) => write!(f, "invalid base58 character {:#x}", b),
BadChecksum(exp, actual) =>
write!(f, "base58ck checksum {:#x} does not match expected {:#x}", actual, exp),
InvalidLength(ell) => write!(f, "length {} invalid for this base58 type", ell),
InvalidExtendedKeyVersion(ref v) =>
write!(f, "extended key version {:#04x?} is invalid for this base58 type", v),
InvalidAddressVersion(ref v) =>
write!(f, "address version {} is invalid for this base58 type", v),
TooShort(_) => write!(f, "base58ck data not even long enough for a checksum"),
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for Error {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
use Error::*;
match self {
BadByte(_)
| BadChecksum(_, _)
| InvalidLength(_)
| InvalidExtendedKeyVersion(_)
| InvalidAddressVersion(_)
| TooShort(_) => None,
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use hex::test_hex_unwrap as hex;
@ -317,7 +268,10 @@ mod tests {
Some(hex!("00f8917303bfa8ef24f292e8fa1419b20460ba064d"))
);
// Non Base58 char.
assert_eq!(decode("¢").unwrap_err(), Error::BadByte(194));
assert_eq!(
decode("¢").unwrap_err(),
InvalidCharacterError { invalid: 194 }
);
}
#[test]
@ -330,6 +284,6 @@ mod tests {
// Check that empty slice passes roundtrip.
assert_eq!(decode_check(&encode_check(&[])), Ok(vec![]));
// Check that `len > 4` is enforced.
assert_eq!(decode_check(&encode(&[1, 2, 3])), Err(Error::TooShort(3)));
assert_eq!(decode_check(&encode(&[1, 2, 3])), Err(TooShortError { length: 3 }.into()));
}
}

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@ -137,6 +137,12 @@ pub enum ParseError {
WitnessProgram(witness_program::Error),
/// Tried to parse an unknown HRP.
UnknownHrp(UnknownHrpError),
/// Legacy address is too long.
LegacyAddressTooLong(LegacyAddressTooLongError),
/// Invalid base58 payload data length for legacy address.
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError),
/// Invalid legacy address prefix in base58 data payload.
InvalidLegacyPrefix(InvalidLegacyPrefixError),
}
internals::impl_from_infallible!(ParseError);
@ -151,6 +157,9 @@ impl fmt::Display for ParseError {
WitnessVersion(ref e) => write_err!(f, "witness version conversion/parsing error"; e),
WitnessProgram(ref e) => write_err!(f, "witness program error"; e),
UnknownHrp(ref e) => write_err!(f, "tried to parse an unknown hrp"; e),
LegacyAddressTooLong(ref e) => write_err!(f, "legacy address base58 string"; e),
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(ref e) => write_err!(f, "legacy address base58 data"; e),
InvalidLegacyPrefix(ref e) => write_err!(f, "legacy address base58 prefix"; e),
}
}
}
@ -166,6 +175,9 @@ impl std::error::Error for ParseError {
WitnessVersion(ref e) => Some(e),
WitnessProgram(ref e) => Some(e),
UnknownHrp(ref e) => Some(e),
LegacyAddressTooLong(ref e) => Some(e),
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(ref e) => Some(e),
InvalidLegacyPrefix(ref e) => Some(e),
}
}
}
@ -190,6 +202,18 @@ impl From<UnknownHrpError> for ParseError {
fn from(e: UnknownHrpError) -> Self { Self::UnknownHrp(e) }
}
impl From<LegacyAddressTooLongError> for ParseError {
fn from(e: LegacyAddressTooLongError) -> Self { Self::LegacyAddressTooLong(e) }
}
impl From<InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError> for ParseError {
fn from(e: InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError) -> Self { Self::InvalidBase58PayloadLength(e) }
}
impl From<InvalidLegacyPrefixError> for ParseError {
fn from(e: InvalidLegacyPrefixError) -> Self { Self::InvalidLegacyPrefix(e) }
}
/// Unknown HRP error.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
@ -203,3 +227,66 @@ impl fmt::Display for UnknownHrpError {
impl std::error::Error for UnknownHrpError {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { None }
}
/// Decoded base58 data was an invalid length.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
/// The base58 payload length we got after decoding address string.
pub(crate) length: usize,
}
impl InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
/// Returns the invalid payload length.
pub fn invalid_base58_payload_length(&self) -> usize { self.length }
}
impl fmt::Display for InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "decoded base58 data was an invalid length: {} (expected 21)", self.length)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {}
/// Legacy base58 address was too long, max 50 characters.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct LegacyAddressTooLongError {
/// The length of the legacy address.
pub(crate) length: usize,
}
impl LegacyAddressTooLongError {
/// Returns the invalid legacy address length.
pub fn invalid_legcay_address_length(&self) -> usize { self.length }
}
impl fmt::Display for LegacyAddressTooLongError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "legacy address is too long: {} (max 50 characters)", self.length)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for LegacyAddressTooLongError {}
/// Invalid legacy address prefix in decoded base58 data.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidLegacyPrefixError {
/// The invalid prefix byte.
pub(crate) invalid: u8,
}
impl InvalidLegacyPrefixError {
/// Returns the invalid prefix.
pub fn invalid_legacy_address_prefix(&self) -> u8 { self.invalid }
}
impl fmt::Display for InvalidLegacyPrefixError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "invalid legacy address prefix in decoded base58 data {}", self.invalid)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for InvalidLegacyPrefixError {}

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@ -53,7 +53,10 @@ use crate::taproot::TapNodeHash;
#[rustfmt::skip] // Keep public re-exports separate.
#[doc(inline)]
pub use self::{
error::{FromScriptError, NetworkValidationError, ParseError, P2shError, UnknownAddressTypeError, UnknownHrpError},
error::{
FromScriptError, InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError, InvalidLegacyPrefixError, LegacyAddressTooLongError,
NetworkValidationError, ParseError, P2shError, UnknownAddressTypeError, UnknownHrpError
},
};
/// The different types of addresses.
@ -732,11 +735,11 @@ impl FromStr for Address<NetworkUnchecked> {
// If segwit decoding fails, assume its a legacy address.
if s.len() > 50 {
return Err(ParseError::Base58(base58::Error::InvalidLength(s.len() * 11 / 15)));
return Err(LegacyAddressTooLongError { length: s.len() }.into());
}
let data = base58::decode_check(s)?;
if data.len() != 21 {
return Err(ParseError::Base58(base58::Error::InvalidLength(data.len())));
return Err(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError { length: s.len() }.into());
}
let (prefix, data) = data.split_first().expect("length checked above");
@ -759,7 +762,7 @@ impl FromStr for Address<NetworkUnchecked> {
let hash = ScriptHash::from_byte_array(data);
AddressInner::P2sh { hash, network: NetworkKind::Test }
}
x => return Err(ParseError::Base58(base58::Error::InvalidAddressVersion(x))),
invalid => return Err(InvalidLegacyPrefixError { invalid }.into()),
};
Ok(Address(inner, PhantomData))

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@ -489,6 +489,8 @@ pub enum Error {
Hex(hex::HexToArrayError),
/// `PublicKey` hex should be 66 or 130 digits long.
InvalidPublicKeyHexLength(usize),
/// Base58 decoded data was an invalid length.
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError)
}
internals::impl_from_infallible!(Error);
@ -512,6 +514,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
Hex(ref e) => write_err!(f, "Hexadecimal decoding error"; e),
InvalidPublicKeyHexLength(got) =>
write!(f, "PublicKey hex should be 66 or 130 digits long, got: {}", got),
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(ref e) => write_err!(f, "base58 payload"; e),
}
}
}
@ -525,6 +528,7 @@ impl std::error::Error for Error {
Secp256k1(ref e) => Some(e),
Base58(ref e) => Some(e),
Hex(ref e) => Some(e),
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(ref e) => Some(e),
CannotDeriveFromHardenedKey
| InvalidChildNumber(_)
| InvalidChildNumberFormat
@ -544,6 +548,10 @@ impl From<base58::Error> for Error {
fn from(err: base58::Error) -> Self { Error::Base58(err) }
}
impl From<InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError> for Error {
fn from(e: InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError) -> Error { Self::InvalidBase58PayloadLength(e) }
}
impl Xpriv {
/// Construct a new master key from a seed value
pub fn new_master(network: impl Into<NetworkKind>, seed: &[u8]) -> Result<Xpriv, Error> {
@ -828,7 +836,7 @@ impl FromStr for Xpriv {
let data = base58::decode_check(inp)?;
if data.len() != 78 {
return Err(base58::Error::InvalidLength(data.len()).into());
return Err(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError { length: data.len() }.into());
}
Xpriv::decode(&data)
@ -848,7 +856,7 @@ impl FromStr for Xpub {
let data = base58::decode_check(inp)?;
if data.len() != 78 {
return Err(base58::Error::InvalidLength(data.len()).into());
return Err(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError { length: data.len() }.into());
}
Xpub::decode(&data)
@ -863,6 +871,27 @@ impl From<&Xpub> for XKeyIdentifier {
fn from(key: &Xpub) -> XKeyIdentifier { key.identifier() }
}
/// Decoded base58 data was an invalid length.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
/// The base58 payload length we got after decoding xpriv/xpub string.
pub(crate) length: usize,
}
impl InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
/// Returns the invalid payload length.
pub fn invalid_base58_payload_length(&self) -> usize { self.length }
}
impl fmt::Display for InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "decoded base58 xpriv/xpub data was an invalid length: {} (expected 78)", self.length)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use hex::test_hex_unwrap as hex;

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@ -476,16 +476,16 @@ impl PrivateKey {
let compressed = match data.len() {
33 => false,
34 => true,
_ => {
return Err(FromWifError::Base58(base58::Error::InvalidLength(data.len())));
length => {
return Err(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError { length }.into());
}
};
let network = match data[0] {
128 => NetworkKind::Main,
239 => NetworkKind::Test,
x => {
return Err(FromWifError::Base58(base58::Error::InvalidAddressVersion(x)));
invalid => {
return Err(InvalidAddressVersionError { invalid }.into());
}
};
@ -930,8 +930,12 @@ impl From<secp256k1::Error> for FromSliceError {
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum FromWifError {
/// A base58 error.
/// A base58 decoding error.
Base58(base58::Error),
/// Base58 decoded data was an invalid length.
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError),
/// Base58 decoded data contained an invalid address version byte.
InvalidAddressVersion(InvalidAddressVersionError),
/// A secp256k1 error.
Secp256k1(secp256k1::Error),
}
@ -941,8 +945,11 @@ internals::impl_from_infallible!(FromWifError);
impl fmt::Display for FromWifError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
use FromWifError::*;
match *self {
Base58(ref e) => write_err!(f, "invalid base58"; e),
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(ref e) => write_err!(f, "decoded base58 data was an invalid length"; e),
InvalidAddressVersion(ref e) => write_err!(f, "decoded base58 data contained an invalid address version btye"; e),
Secp256k1(ref e) => write_err!(f, "private key validation failed"; e),
}
}
@ -952,9 +959,12 @@ impl fmt::Display for FromWifError {
impl std::error::Error for FromWifError {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
use FromWifError::*;
match self {
Base58(e) => Some(e),
Secp256k1(e)=> Some(e),
match *self {
Base58(ref e) => Some(e),
InvalidBase58PayloadLength(ref e) => Some(e),
InvalidAddressVersion(ref e) => Some(e),
Secp256k1(ref e)=> Some(e),
}
}
}
@ -967,6 +977,14 @@ impl From<secp256k1::Error> for FromWifError {
fn from(e: secp256k1::Error) -> Self { Self::Secp256k1(e) }
}
impl From<InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError> for FromWifError {
fn from(e: InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError) -> FromWifError { Self::InvalidBase58PayloadLength(e) }
}
impl From<InvalidAddressVersionError> for FromWifError {
fn from(e: InvalidAddressVersionError) -> FromWifError { Self::InvalidAddressVersion(e) }
}
/// Error returned while constructing public key from string.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ParsePublicKeyError {
@ -1064,6 +1082,48 @@ impl std::error::Error for UncompressedPublicKeyError {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> { None }
}
/// Decoded base58 data was an invalid length.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
/// The base58 payload length we got after decoding WIF string.
pub(crate) length: usize,
}
impl InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
/// Returns the invalid payload length.
pub fn invalid_base58_payload_length(&self) -> usize { self.length }
}
impl fmt::Display for InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "decoded base58 data was an invalid length: {} (expected 33 or 34)", self.length)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for InvalidBase58PayloadLengthError {}
/// Invalid address version in decoded base58 data.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct InvalidAddressVersionError {
/// The invalid version.
pub(crate) invalid: u8,
}
impl InvalidAddressVersionError {
/// Returns the invalid version.
pub fn invalid_address_version(&self) -> u8 { self.invalid }
}
impl fmt::Display for InvalidAddressVersionError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(f, "invalid address version in decoded base58 data {}", self.invalid)
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for InvalidAddressVersionError {}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;

View File

@ -2500,7 +2500,7 @@ mod tests {
use super::ParseAmountError as E;
assert_eq!(Amount::from_str("x BTC"), Err(E::from(InvalidCharacterError { invalid_char: 'x', position: 0 }).into()));
assert_eq!(Amount::from_str("x BTC"), Err(InvalidCharacterError { invalid_char: 'x', position: 0 }.into()));
assert_eq!(
Amount::from_str("xBTC"),
Err(Unknown(UnknownDenominationError("xBTC".into())).into()),