diff --git a/crates/by-chain/icepick-solana/src/lib.rs b/crates/by-chain/icepick-solana/src/lib.rs
index bb735e5..2a30399 100644
--- a/crates/by-chain/icepick-solana/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/by-chain/icepick-solana/src/lib.rs
@@ -238,9 +238,11 @@ pub struct Inspect {
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
 pub struct Sign {
     blockhash: String,
-    transaction: solana_sdk::transaction::Transaction,
+    instructions: Vec<solana_sdk::instruction::Instruction>,
     #[serde(default)]
     signing_keys: Vec<[u8; Keypair::SECRET_KEY_LENGTH]>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    payer_address: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
@@ -987,9 +989,9 @@ impl Module for Solana {
                 derivation_accounts,
                 mut instructions,
             }) => {
-                use solana_sdk::{hash::Hash, message::Message, transaction::Transaction};
+                use solana_sdk::hash::Hash;
 
-                let (hash, transaction) = match hashable {
+                let hash = match hashable {
                     // We already have the account from GetNonceAccountData,
                     // which also gives us the authority and the nonce itself.
                     Hashable::Nonce {
@@ -1005,21 +1007,14 @@ impl Module for Solana {
                             system_instruction::advance_nonce_account(&account_pk, &authority_pk);
 
                         instructions.insert(0, increment_nonce);
-                        let message = Message::new(&instructions, None);
-                        let transaction = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
-                        (hash, transaction)
-                    }
-                    Hashable::Blockhash { blockhash } => {
-                        let blockhash = Hash::from_str(&blockhash).unwrap();
-                        let message = Message::new(&instructions, None);
-                        let transaction = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
-                        (blockhash, transaction)
+                        hash
                     }
+                    Hashable::Blockhash { blockhash } => Hash::from_str(&blockhash).unwrap(),
                 };
                 Ok(serde_json::json!({
                     "blob": {
                         "hash": hash,
-                        "transaction": transaction,
+                        "instructions": instructions,
                     },
                     "derivation_accounts": derivation_accounts,
                 }))
@@ -1035,9 +1030,12 @@ impl Module for Solana {
             }
             Operation::Sign(Sign {
                 blockhash,
-                mut transaction,
+                instructions,
                 signing_keys,
+                payer_address,
             }) => {
+                use solana_sdk::{message::Message, transaction::Transaction};
+
                 let keys = request
                     .derived_keys
                     .unwrap_or_default()
@@ -1046,10 +1044,21 @@ impl Module for Solana {
                     .map(|k| Self::keypair_from_bytes(*k))
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
+                let payer_pk = payer_address
+                    .as_deref()
+                    .map(Pubkey::from_str)
+                    .transpose()
+                    .unwrap();
+
+                let message =
+                    Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer_pk.unwrap_or(keys[0].pubkey())));
+                let mut transaction = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
+
                 let hash = solana_sdk::hash::Hash::from_str(&blockhash).unwrap();
                 transaction
                     .try_sign(&keys, hash)
                     .expect("not enough keys provided");
+
                 Ok(serde_json::json!({
                     "blob": {
                         "transaction": transaction,
@@ -1065,7 +1074,15 @@ impl Module for Solana {
 
                 transaction.verify().expect("invalid signatures");
                 let client = solana_rpc_client::rpc_client::RpcClient::new(cluster_url);
-                let _simulated_response = client.simulate_transaction(&transaction).unwrap();
+                let simulated_response = client.simulate_transaction(&transaction).unwrap();
+                if let Some(err) = simulated_response.value.err {
+                    return Ok(serde_json::json!({
+                        "blob": {
+                            "status": "simulate_transaction",
+                            "error": err.to_string(),
+                        }
+                    }))
+                }
                 let response = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction);
                 let cluster_suffix = {
                     if cluster == Cluster::MainnetBeta {
diff --git a/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/generate-nonce-account.yaml b/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/generate-nonce-account.yaml
index 2ac4680..eb946fd 100644
--- a/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/generate-nonce-account.yaml
+++ b/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/generate-nonce-account.yaml
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ step:
     derivation_accounts: "derivation_accounts"
     blockhash: "blockhash"
   outputs:
-    transaction: "unsigned_transaction"
+    instructions: "nonced_instructions"
 - type: "sol-sign"
   inputs:
     blockhash: "blockhash"
     signing_keys: "private_keys"
-    transaction: "unsigned_transaction"
+    instructions: "nonced_instructions"
   outputs:
     transaction: "signed_transaction"
 - type: "sol-broadcast"
diff --git a/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer-token.yaml b/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer-token.yaml
index eee24c6..1cd2952 100644
--- a/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer-token.yaml
+++ b/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer-token.yaml
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@ step:
     nonce_authority: nonce_authority
     nonce_data: nonce_data
   outputs:
-    transaction: unsigned_transaction
+    instructions: nonced_instructions
 - type: sol-sign
   inputs:
-    transaction: unsigned_transaction
+    instructions: nonced_instructions
     blockhash: nonce_data
   outputs:
     transaction: transaction
diff --git a/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer.yaml b/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer.yaml
index ac5c069..1e3259c 100644
--- a/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer.yaml
+++ b/crates/icepick/workflows/sol/transfer.yaml
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ step:
     nonce_authority: "nonce_authority"
     nonce_data: "nonce_data"
   outputs:
-    transaction: "unsigned_transaction"
+    instructions: "nonced_instructions"
 - type: "sol-sign"
   inputs:
     blockhash: "nonce_data"
-    transaction: "unsigned_transaction"
+    instructions: "nonced_instructions"
   outputs:
     transaction: "signed_transaction"
 - type: "internal-save-file"