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Bootstrapping Reproducibility with StageX

The steps involved in going from a 256 byte compiler to a deterministic bit-for-bit reproducible Linux distribution.

The Problem: milk sad wage cup...

FROM rust
ADD . /app
WORKDIR /app
RUN cargo build --release && \
    mv target/release/mnemonicgen /usr/bin/mnemonicgen
ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/mnemonicgen"]

Minimalism and security first Linux distribution

Approach the development of a secure toolchain by ensuring each component uses exactly what it needs to build - no more, no less.

Distribution	Signatures	Libc	Bootstrapped	Reproducible	Rust deps
Stagex	2+ Human	Musl	Yes	Yes	4
Debian	1 Human	Glibc	No	Partial	231
Arch	1 Human	Glibc	No	Partial	127
Fedora	1 Bot	Glibc	No	No	167
Alpine	None	Musl	No	No	41

A Rust Example

FROM scratch AS fetch
ADD . /app
WORKDIR /app

FROM stagex/pallet-rust AS build
COPY --from=fetch . /
COPY --from=stagex/nettle . /
COPY --from=stagex/gmp . /
ENV TARGET=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
RUN cargo build --release --target $TARGET

FROM stagex/filesystem AS package
COPY --from=build /app/target/$TARGET/release/hello /usr/bin/hello
CMD ["/usr/bin/hello"]

All packages in StageX are:

Built using hash-locked sources
Confirmed reproducible by multiple developers
Signed by multiple release maintainers

Multi-Signed OCI Images

Multiple maintainers can each sign individual images, with the container runtime enforcing multiple signatures by maintainers to ensure no individual maintainer could have tampered with an image.

Common toolchain dependencies

StageX comes with developer-loved tooling and languages, such as:

rust
go
python
curl
git

If you are interested in additionally software being added feel free to open a PR or let us know what you would like to see added.

Pallets

StageX offers prebuilt containers including all the packages necessary to run some of our most used software, such as:

kubectl, kustomize, helm
keyfork
nginx
redis
postgres

We also ship pallets for building new images, such as the Rust pallet shown in the previous example.

Full source bootstrapped from Stage 0

From a 256-byte compiler written in hex, StageX bootstraps all the compiler tools necessary to build the distribution, 100% deterministically.

Stage 0: Getting a basic C compiler on x86
Stage 1: Building GCC for x86
Stage 2: Upgrading GCC for x86_64
Stage 3: Building up-to-date toolchains
Stage X: Shipping the software you know and love

OK, So What?

By using stagex, an entire family of supply chain vulnerabilities can be eliminated. Removing unnecessary software reduces the attack surface of potentially malicious software, while deterministic builds help ensure software hasn't been tampered with.

Because StageX can be used to build standalone Linux systems, it can also be used to generate bootable images without needing to ship unnecessary tooling such as a package manager or a compiler.

Solar Winds of Change

According to: https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/sunspot-malware-technical-analysis/

SUNSPOT is StellarParticle’s malware used to insert the SUNBURST backdoor into software builds of the SolarWinds Orion IT management product.

SUNSPOT monitors running processes for those involved in compilation of the Orion product and replaces one of the source files to include the SUNBURST backdoor code.

Several safeguards were added to SUNSPOT to avoid the Orion builds from failing, potentially alerting developers to the adversary’s presence.

Key Takeaways

StageX packages the software you're already using, securely.
By leveraging Docker, we avoid mixing package managers and build contexts.
Your software, as well as your SBOM, can all be built deterministically.

What's Next?

Packaging more software and updating existing software faster

Adding additional container runtimes like Podman and Kaniko

Adding additional chip architecture support such as ARM and RISC-V

Links

Matrix Chat: #stagex:matrix.org

Git Repo: https://codeberg.org/stagex/stagex

Big thank you to sponsors who have supported the development of this project:

Turnkey, Distrust, Mysten Labs

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